from __future__ import annotations
__doc__ = r"""
This module implements the SPARQL 1.1 Property path operators, as
defined in:
http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#propertypaths
In SPARQL the syntax is as follows:
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|Syntax | Matches |
+====================+=================================================+
|iri | An IRI. A path of length one. |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|^elt | Inverse path (object to subject). |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|elt1 / elt2 | A sequence path of elt1 followed by elt2. |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|elt1 | elt2 | A alternative path of elt1 or elt2 |
| | (all possibilities are tried). |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|elt* | A path that connects the subject and object |
| | of the path by zero or more matches of elt. |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|elt+ | A path that connects the subject and object |
| | of the path by one or more matches of elt. |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|elt? | A path that connects the subject and object |
| | of the path by zero or one matches of elt. |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|!iri or | Negated property set. An IRI which is not one of|
|!(iri\ :sub:`1`\ \| | iri\ :sub:`1`...iri\ :sub:`n`. |
|... \|iri\ :sub:`n`)| !iri is short for !(iri). |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|!^iri or | Negated property set where the excluded matches |
|!(^iri\ :sub:`1`\ \|| are based on reversed path. That is, not one of |
|...\|^iri\ :sub:`n`)| iri\ :sub:`1`...iri\ :sub:`n` as reverse paths. |
| | !^iri is short for !(^iri). |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|!(iri\ :sub:`1`\ \| | A combination of forward and reverse |
|...\|iri\ :sub:`j`\ | properties in a negated property set. |
|\|^iri\ :sub:`j+1`\ | |
|\|... \|^iri\ | |
|:sub:`n`)| | |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|(elt) | A group path elt, brackets control precedence. |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
This module is used internally by the SPARQL engine, but the property paths
can also be used to query RDFLib Graphs directly.
Where possible the SPARQL syntax is mapped to Python operators, and property
path objects can be constructed from existing URIRefs.
>>> from rdflib import Graph, Namespace
>>> from rdflib.namespace import FOAF
>>> ~FOAF.knows
Path(~http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows)
>>> FOAF.knows/FOAF.name
Path(http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows / http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name)
>>> FOAF.name|FOAF.givenName
Path(http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name | http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName)
Modifiers (?, \*, +) are done using \* (the multiplication operator) and
the strings '\*', '?', '+', also defined as constants in this file.
>>> FOAF.knows*OneOrMore
Path(http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows+)
The path objects can also be used with the normal graph methods.
First some example data:
>>> g=Graph()
>>> g=g.parse(data='''
... @prefix : <ex:> .
...
... :a :p1 :c ; :p2 :f .
... :c :p2 :e ; :p3 :g .
... :g :p3 :h ; :p2 :j .
... :h :p3 :a ; :p2 :g .
...
... :q :px :q .
...
... ''', format='n3') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
>>> e = Namespace('ex:')
Graph contains:
>>> (e.a, e.p1/e.p2, e.e) in g
True
Graph generator functions, triples, subjects, objects, etc. :
>>> list(g.objects(e.c, (e.p3*OneOrMore)/e.p2)) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:j'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:g'),
rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:f')]
A more complete set of tests:
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, e.p1/e.p2, None)))==[(e.a, e.e)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.a, e.p1|e.p2, None)))==[(e.a,e.c), (e.a,e.f)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.c, ~e.p1, None))) == [ (e.c, e.a) ]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.a, e.p1*ZeroOrOne, None))) == [(e.a, e.a), (e.a, e.c)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.c, e.p3*OneOrMore, None))) == [
... (e.c, e.g), (e.c, e.h), (e.c, e.a)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.c, e.p3*ZeroOrMore, None))) == [(e.c, e.c),
... (e.c, e.g), (e.c, e.h), (e.c, e.a)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.a, -e.p1, None))) == [(e.a, e.f)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.a, -(e.p1|e.p2), None))) == []
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.g, -~e.p2, None))) == [(e.g, e.j)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.e, ~(e.p1/e.p2), None))) == [(e.e, e.a)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.a, e.p1/e.p3/e.p3, None))) == [(e.a, e.h)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.q, e.px*OneOrMore, None)))
[(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:q'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:q'))]
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, e.p1|e.p2, e.c)))
[(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'))]
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, ~e.p1, e.a))) == [ (e.c, e.a) ]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, e.p1*ZeroOrOne, e.c))) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'))]
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, e.p3*OneOrMore, e.a))) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:h'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:g'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a'))]
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, e.p3*ZeroOrMore, e.a))) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:h'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:g'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a'))]
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, -e.p1, e.f))) == [(e.a, e.f)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, -(e.p1|e.p2), e.c))) == []
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, -~e.p2, e.j))) == [(e.g, e.j)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, ~(e.p1/e.p2), e.a))) == [(e.e, e.a)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (None, e.p1/e.p3/e.p3, e.h))) == [(e.a, e.h)]
True
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.q, e.px*OneOrMore, None)))
[(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:q'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:q'))]
>>> list(eval_path(g, (e.c, (e.p2|e.p3)*ZeroOrMore, e.j)))
[(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:j'))]
No vars specified:
>>> sorted(list(eval_path(g, (None, e.p3*OneOrMore, None)))) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:g')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:c'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:h')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:g'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:g'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:h')),
(rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:h'), rdflib.term.URIRef('ex:a'))]
"""
import warnings
from functools import total_ordering
from typing import (
TYPE_CHECKING,
Any,
Callable,
Generator,
Iterator,
List,
Optional,
Set,
Tuple,
Union,
)
from rdflib.term import Node, URIRef
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from rdflib._type_checking import _MulPathMod
from rdflib.graph import Graph, _ObjectType, _PredicateType, _SubjectType
from rdflib.namespace import NamespaceManager
# property paths
ZeroOrMore = "*"
OneOrMore = "+"
ZeroOrOne = "?"
def _n3(
arg: Union["URIRef", "Path"], namespace_manager: Optional["NamespaceManager"] = None
) -> str:
# type error: Item "Path" of "Union[Path, URIRef]" has no attribute "n3" [union-attr]
if isinstance(arg, (SequencePath, AlternativePath)) and len(arg.args) > 1:
return "(%s)" % arg.n3(namespace_manager)
return arg.n3(namespace_manager) # type: ignore[union-attr]
[docs]@total_ordering
class Path:
__or__: Callable[["Path", Union["URIRef", "Path"]], "AlternativePath"]
__invert__: Callable[["Path"], "InvPath"]
__neg__: Callable[["Path"], "NegatedPath"]
__truediv__: Callable[["Path", Union["URIRef", "Path"]], "SequencePath"]
__mul__: Callable[["Path", str], "MulPath"]
[docs] def eval(
self,
graph: "Graph",
subj: Optional["_SubjectType"] = None,
obj: Optional["_ObjectType"] = None,
) -> Iterator[Tuple["_SubjectType", "_ObjectType"]]:
raise NotImplementedError()
[docs] def __hash__(self):
return hash(repr(self))
[docs] def __eq__(self, other):
return repr(self) == repr(other)
[docs] def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
if not isinstance(other, (Path, Node)):
raise TypeError(
"unorderable types: %s() < %s()" % (repr(self), repr(other))
)
return repr(self) < repr(other)
[docs]class InvPath(Path):
[docs] def __init__(self, arg: Union[Path, URIRef]):
self.arg = arg
[docs] def eval(
self,
graph: "Graph",
subj: Optional["_SubjectType"] = None,
obj: Optional["_ObjectType"] = None,
) -> Generator[Tuple[_ObjectType, _SubjectType], None, None]:
for s, o in eval_path(graph, (obj, self.arg, subj)):
yield o, s
[docs] def __repr__(self) -> str:
return "Path(~%s)" % (self.arg,)
[docs] def n3(self, namespace_manager: Optional["NamespaceManager"] = None) -> str:
return "^%s" % _n3(self.arg, namespace_manager)
[docs]class SequencePath(Path):
[docs] def __init__(self, *args: Union[Path, URIRef]):
self.args: List[Union[Path, URIRef]] = []
for a in args:
if isinstance(a, SequencePath):
self.args += a.args
else:
self.args.append(a)
[docs] def eval(
self,
graph: "Graph",
subj: Optional["_SubjectType"] = None,
obj: Optional["_ObjectType"] = None,
) -> Generator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType], None, None]:
def _eval_seq(
paths: List[Union[Path, URIRef]],
subj: Optional[_SubjectType],
obj: Optional[_ObjectType],
) -> Generator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType], None, None]:
if paths[1:]:
for s, o in eval_path(graph, (subj, paths[0], None)):
for r in _eval_seq(paths[1:], o, obj):
yield s, r[1]
else:
for s, o in eval_path(graph, (subj, paths[0], obj)):
yield s, o
def _eval_seq_bw(
paths: List[Union[Path, URIRef]],
subj: Optional[_SubjectType],
obj: _ObjectType,
) -> Generator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType], None, None]:
if paths[:-1]:
for s, o in eval_path(graph, (None, paths[-1], obj)):
for r in _eval_seq(paths[:-1], subj, s):
yield r[0], o
else:
for s, o in eval_path(graph, (subj, paths[0], obj)):
yield s, o
if subj:
return _eval_seq(self.args, subj, obj)
elif obj:
return _eval_seq_bw(self.args, subj, obj)
else: # no vars bound, we can start anywhere
return _eval_seq(self.args, subj, obj)
[docs] def __repr__(self) -> str:
return "Path(%s)" % " / ".join(str(x) for x in self.args)
[docs] def n3(self, namespace_manager: Optional["NamespaceManager"] = None) -> str:
return "/".join(_n3(a, namespace_manager) for a in self.args)
[docs]class AlternativePath(Path):
[docs] def __init__(self, *args: Union[Path, URIRef]):
self.args: List[Union[Path, URIRef]] = []
for a in args:
if isinstance(a, AlternativePath):
self.args += a.args
else:
self.args.append(a)
[docs] def eval(
self,
graph: "Graph",
subj: Optional["_SubjectType"] = None,
obj: Optional["_ObjectType"] = None,
) -> Generator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType], None, None]:
for x in self.args:
for y in eval_path(graph, (subj, x, obj)):
yield y
[docs] def __repr__(self) -> str:
return "Path(%s)" % " | ".join(str(x) for x in self.args)
[docs] def n3(self, namespace_manager: Optional["NamespaceManager"] = None) -> str:
return "|".join(_n3(a, namespace_manager) for a in self.args)
[docs]class MulPath(Path):
[docs] def __init__(self, path: Union[Path, URIRef], mod: _MulPathMod):
self.path = path
self.mod = mod
if mod == ZeroOrOne:
self.zero = True
self.more = False
elif mod == ZeroOrMore:
self.zero = True
self.more = True
elif mod == OneOrMore:
self.zero = False
self.more = True
else:
raise Exception("Unknown modifier %s" % mod)
[docs] def eval(
self,
graph: "Graph",
subj: Optional["_SubjectType"] = None,
obj: Optional["_ObjectType"] = None,
first: bool = True,
) -> Generator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType], None, None]:
if self.zero and first:
if subj and obj:
if subj == obj:
yield subj, obj
elif subj:
yield subj, subj
elif obj:
yield obj, obj
def _fwd(
subj: Optional[_SubjectType] = None,
obj: Optional[_ObjectType] = None,
seen: Optional[Set[_SubjectType]] = None,
) -> Generator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType], None, None]:
# type error: Item "None" of "Optional[Set[Node]]" has no attribute "add"
# type error: Argument 1 to "add" of "set" has incompatible type "Optional[Node]"; expected "Node"
seen.add(subj) # type: ignore[union-attr, arg-type]
for s, o in eval_path(graph, (subj, self.path, None)):
if not obj or o == obj:
yield s, o
if self.more:
# type error: Unsupported right operand type for in ("Optional[Set[Node]]")
if o in seen: # type: ignore[operator]
continue
for s2, o2 in _fwd(o, obj, seen):
yield s, o2
def _bwd(
subj: Optional[_SubjectType] = None,
obj: Optional[_ObjectType] = None,
seen: Optional[Set[_ObjectType]] = None,
) -> Generator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType], None, None]:
# type error: Item "None" of "Optional[Set[Node]]" has no attribute "add"
# type error: Argument 1 to "add" of "set" has incompatible type "Optional[Node]"; expected "Node"
seen.add(obj) # type: ignore[union-attr, arg-type]
for s, o in eval_path(graph, (None, self.path, obj)):
if not subj or subj == s:
yield s, o
if self.more:
# type error: Unsupported right operand type for in ("Optional[Set[Node]]")
if s in seen: # type: ignore[operator]
continue
for s2, o2 in _bwd(None, s, seen):
yield s2, o
def _all_fwd_paths() -> Generator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType], None, None]:
if self.zero:
seen1 = set()
# According to the spec, ALL nodes are possible solutions
# (even literals)
# we cannot do this without going through ALL triples
# unless we keep an index of all terms somehow
# but let's just hope this query doesn't happen very often...
for s, o in graph.subject_objects(None):
if s not in seen1:
seen1.add(s)
yield s, s
if o not in seen1:
seen1.add(o)
yield o, o
seen = set()
for s, o in eval_path(graph, (None, self.path, None)):
if not self.more:
yield s, o
else:
if s not in seen:
seen.add(s)
f = list(_fwd(s, None, set()))
for s1, o1 in f:
assert s1 == s
yield s1, o1
done = set() # the spec does, by defn, not allow duplicates
if subj:
for x in _fwd(subj, obj, set()):
if x not in done:
done.add(x)
yield x
elif obj:
for x in _bwd(subj, obj, set()):
if x not in done:
done.add(x)
yield x
else:
for x in _all_fwd_paths():
if x not in done:
done.add(x)
yield x
[docs] def __repr__(self) -> str:
return "Path(%s%s)" % (self.path, self.mod)
[docs] def n3(self, namespace_manager: Optional["NamespaceManager"] = None) -> str:
return "%s%s" % (_n3(self.path, namespace_manager), self.mod)
[docs]class NegatedPath(Path):
[docs] def __init__(self, arg: Union[AlternativePath, InvPath, URIRef]):
self.args: List[Union[URIRef, Path]]
if isinstance(arg, (URIRef, InvPath)):
self.args = [arg]
elif isinstance(arg, AlternativePath):
self.args = arg.args
else:
raise Exception(
"Can only negate URIRefs, InvPaths or "
+ "AlternativePaths, not: %s" % (arg,)
)
[docs] def eval(self, graph, subj=None, obj=None):
for s, p, o in graph.triples((subj, None, obj)):
for a in self.args:
if isinstance(a, URIRef):
if p == a:
break
elif isinstance(a, InvPath):
if (o, a.arg, s) in graph:
break
else:
raise Exception("Invalid path in NegatedPath: %s" % a)
else:
yield s, o
[docs] def __repr__(self) -> str:
return "Path(! %s)" % ",".join(str(x) for x in self.args)
[docs] def n3(self, namespace_manager: Optional["NamespaceManager"] = None) -> str:
return "!(%s)" % ("|".join(_n3(arg, namespace_manager) for arg in self.args))
[docs]class PathList(list):
pass
[docs]def path_alternative(self: Union[URIRef, Path], other: Union[URIRef, Path]):
"""
alternative path
"""
if not isinstance(other, (URIRef, Path)):
raise Exception("Only URIRefs or Paths can be in paths!")
return AlternativePath(self, other)
[docs]def path_sequence(self: Union[URIRef, Path], other: Union[URIRef, Path]):
"""
sequence path
"""
if not isinstance(other, (URIRef, Path)):
raise Exception("Only URIRefs or Paths can be in paths!")
return SequencePath(self, other)
[docs]def evalPath( # noqa: N802
graph: Graph,
t: Tuple[
Optional["_SubjectType"],
Union[None, Path, _PredicateType],
Optional["_ObjectType"],
],
) -> Iterator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType]]:
warnings.warn(
DeprecationWarning(
"rdflib.path.evalPath() is deprecated, use the (snake-cased) eval_path(). "
"The mixed-case evalPath() function name is incompatible with PEP8 "
"recommendations and will be replaced by eval_path() in rdflib 7.0.0."
)
)
return eval_path(graph, t)
[docs]def eval_path(
graph: Graph,
t: Tuple[
Optional["_SubjectType"],
Union[None, Path, _PredicateType],
Optional["_ObjectType"],
],
) -> Iterator[Tuple[_SubjectType, _ObjectType]]:
return ((s, o) for s, p, o in graph.triples(t))
[docs]def mul_path(p: Union[URIRef, Path], mul: _MulPathMod) -> MulPath:
"""
cardinality path
"""
return MulPath(p, mul)
[docs]def inv_path(p: Union[URIRef, Path]) -> InvPath:
"""
inverse path
"""
return InvPath(p)
[docs]def neg_path(p: Union[URIRef, AlternativePath, InvPath]) -> NegatedPath:
"""
negated path
"""
return NegatedPath(p)
if __name__ == "__main__":
pass
else:
# monkey patch
# (these cannot be directly in terms.py
# as it would introduce circular imports)
URIRef.__or__ = path_alternative
# ignore typing here as URIRef inherits from str,
# which has an incompatible definition of __mul__.
URIRef.__mul__ = mul_path # type: ignore
URIRef.__invert__ = inv_path
URIRef.__neg__ = neg_path
URIRef.__truediv__ = path_sequence
Path.__invert__ = inv_path
# type error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "Callable[[Union[URIRef, AlternativePath, InvPath]], NegatedPath]", variable has type "Callable[[Path], NegatedPath]")
Path.__neg__ = neg_path # type: ignore[assignment]
# type error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "Callable[[Union[URIRef, Path], Literal['*', '+', '?']], MulPath]", variable has type "Callable[[Path, str], MulPath]")
Path.__mul__ = mul_path # type: ignore[assignment]
Path.__or__ = path_alternative
Path.__truediv__ = path_sequence
